Tanzania, a country celebrated for its relative political stability and peaceful transitions of power in Africa, has recently witnessed significant changes in its political landscape. Since achieving independence in 1961, Tanzania has undergone various political transformations, transitioning from a single-party system to multiparty democracy in the early 1990s. However, recent developments raise concerns about the future of democracy in the country. This critical analysis delves into the changing facets of Tanzania’s politics, examining the impact on democratic practices and considering the potential trajectories for the nation’s future.
Tanzania’s political journey began with its independence, led by its first president, Julius Nyerere, who established a single-party socialist state under the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party. Nyerere’s Ujamaa policies aimed to create an egalitarian society, but also centralized power and restricted political pluralism (Baregu, 2011). In the early 1990s, in response to internal pressures and global trends, Tanzania transitioned to a multiparty democracy, heralding a new era in the country’s political landscape. This transition saw the emergence of competitive politics.
The adoption of multiparty democracy introduced competitive politics, with opposition parties vying for power against the dominant CCM. Despite the competitive landscape, CCM maintained its political dominance, winning every presidential election since the transition. This dominance has been attributed to its historical legacy, extensive party network, and access to state resources (Levitsky and Way, 2002).
However, opposition parties, most notably CHADEMA and ACT-Wazalendo, have gradually gained ground, challenging CCM’s hegemony. They have mobilized support by capitalizing on public discontent over issues such as corruption, unemployment, and the need for political change (Cheeseman & Klaas, 2018). With the multiparty movements gaining traction, Tanzania would experience a turning point.
The election of President John Magufuli in 2015 marked a turning point in Tanzania’s political trajectory. Magufuli, popularly known as “The Bulldozer,” was initially lauded for his anti-corruption stance and commitment to public service delivery (Hoffman & Robinson, 2018). However, his tenure also witnessed a significant backslide in democratic practices.
Magufuli’s government clamped down on opposition parties, restricted civic space, and muzzled the media. Opposition leaders faced harassment, arbitrary arrests, and violence, while draconian laws were enacted to stifle dissent (Amnesty International, 2020). These developments raised alarm among democracy advocates, as Tanzania appeared to be veering towards authoritarianism. The latter, which posed a threat to Tanzania’s democracy.
The constriction of political and civic space under Magufuli’s leadership raised serious concerns about the future of democracy in Tanzania. The government’s heavy-handed tactics against the opposition and civil society undermined the principles of multiparty democracy, as political competition was stifled, and dissenting voices silenced.
Furthermore, the manipulation of legal frameworks to consolidate power served to entrench the ruling party’s dominance. Changes to the Political Parties Act and the introduction of repressive media laws served to curtail freedoms and solidify the government’s control over the political landscape (Freedom House, 2021). This assumed control has in many ways left unanswered questions to what will happen post 2020 elections.
The 2020 general elections were a litmus test for Tanzania’s democracy, conducted amidst the controversial backdrop of Magufuli’s first term. The elections were marred by allegations of widespread irregularities, voter intimidation, and violence against opposition figures (VOA, 2020). CCM secured a landslide victory, while opposition parties rejected the results, citing fraud and manipulation.
The death of President Magufuli in March 2021 and the subsequent ascension of Dr. Samia Suluhu Hassan, Tanzania’s first female president, opened a new chapter in the country’s political narrative. While it is still early in her presidency, there are signs of a potential shift in governance style, with President Hassan expressing a commitment to uphold human rights and democratic principles (Al Jazeera, 2021). Initially, she took steps to open up the political space, ease media restrictions, and engage with opposition parties (Makulilo, 2022). These actions signalled a potential shift towards a more inclusive and tolerant political environment, fostering optimism among democracy advocates.
However, the journey towards democratic consolidation has been uneven. While there have been improvements in certain areas, challenges remain. The government has made strides in addressing some human rights concerns, but issues such as freedom of expression, assembly, and association continue to face restrictions (Human Rights Watch, 2023).
Critics argue that the pace of democratic reforms has been slow and that more decisive action is needed to dismantle the repressive structures of the past. The continued use of restrictive laws to suppress dissent and the harassment of opposition figures highlight the persistence of authoritarian practices (Amnesty International, 2023).
A Critical Juncture
As of now, Tanzania stands at a critical juncture, with the future of its democracy hanging in the balance. The country’s ability to navigate the current challenges and uphold democratic practices will be crucial in determining its trajectory.
To safeguard democracy, there is a need for comprehensive political and legal reforms to level the playing field and ensure fair competition. Strengthening institutions, safeguarding civil liberties, and fostering a culture of political tolerance are imperative for the consolidation of democracy in Tanzania.
Moreover, the role of the international community and regional bodies such as the African Union and East African Community cannot be understated. Diplomatic pressure and support for democratic practices can contribute to upholding democratic norms in Tanzania.
In conclusion, the changing facets of Tanzania’s politics present a complex and nuanced picture, characterized by both democratic strides and setbacks. The country’s historical journey, the backslide under Magufuli’s leadership, and the uncertain future underscore the fragility of democracy in Tanzania.
Addressing the challenges and safeguarding democracy necessitate a collective effort, encompassing legal reforms, institutional strengthening, and fostering a culture of political tolerance. The actions taken today will be instrumental in shaping the future of Tanzania’s democracy, determining whether the country can overcome its current challenges and uphold the democratic ideals it once embraced.
